![]() ![]() Modern Times The Torment of Murderers, from Les Visions du Chevalier Tondal Paul Getty Museum in 1987 where it remains today. ![]() It was then sold to another American named Philip Hofer in 1951. in 1944, having been sold to him via the Librairie FL Tulkens in Brussels. It would soon find itself in the hands of an American Hans P. The next owner of the Getty Tondal was Joseph Raphaël Vitta, Baron Vitta he would hold onto it up until 1930 and pass it on to Jean de Brouwer, Baron de Brouwer, a Belgian. It was then owned onwards by Raoul Léonor Lignerolles, comte de Lignerolles, until 1894. In 1853, Charles-Alexandre de Ganay, the Marquis de Ganay, obtained the manuscript and owned it until 1881. In 1475, Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy commissioned the Getty Tondal manuscript in France. Another person who worked on the miniatures in the book is the illuminator Simon Marmion, who was also patronized at this same time by Margaret's husband. She took full advantage of this privilege by commissioning a scribe by the name of David Aubert whose excellent talents in calligraphy can be seen in The Visions of Tondal. She was one of the most powerful women of her time period and as such had access to a variety of different methods of attaining manuscripts. During this time she had other works she requested or collected for her own personal reading quarters. The Getty Tondal was commissioned by Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy during the 1470s. The manuscript is fully available online. There are only 45 folios, meaning that most have miniatures. Only the fifteen pages with two-column miniatures and five pages with single column miniatures have borders. The text was scribed by David Aubert in Ghent, while the miniatures were done in Valenciennes, where Marmion was based. It has 20 miniatures by Simon Marmion and elaborate borders with "CM" for the initials of Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy and her husband Charles the Bold. It is a French version and is the only surviving fully illuminated manuscript of the Visio Tnugdali. The Getty Tondal, also known as Les visions du chevalier Tondal is an illuminated manuscript from 1475, now in the Getty Museum. Tempera colors, gold leaf, gold paint, and ink on parchment tipped into a binding of wood boards covered with brown calf ![]() Ghent, Belgium Valenciennes, France (Place Created) The Visions of the Knight Tondal (Translated Title) Les visions du chevalier Tondal (Published Title) Hellmouth or the Mouth of Hell, by Simon Marmion, from the Getty Tondal manuscript, detail. ![]()
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